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📚 Important Questions – Chapters 1, 2 & 5

First Term Examination

Prepare these questions carefully. They cover the key areas of the syllabus and will help you score better in your exams.

In which Normal Form is atomicity (each field is atomic) enforced?
Which command among the following is a DDL command?
Which key uniquely identifies a record in a relational table?
Which is NOT a database security measure: rollback / backup / firewall / data sharing?
Which database model allows many-to-many relationships directly: Hierarchical, Network, or Relational?
Which of these is not part of DML?
Centralized database vs Distributed: which is more resilient to failure?
What does SQL stand for?
Identify correctly: primary key, candidate key, alternate key with examples.

Define Database and DBMS.
Define Field, Record, and Object.
Define Primary Key, Alternate Key, and Candidate Key.
What are the advantages of using DBMS over flat-file systems?
Define DDL and DML. Give examples.
Differentiate between Centralized and Distributed databases.
What is a Relational Model? Highlight its features.
Briefly define: Hierarchical Model, Network Model, Relational Model.
What is Normalization?
Define 1NF, 2NF, 3NF with examples.
What is Database Security and why is it important?

Explain the different database models (Network, Hierarchical, Relational) with advantages and disadvantages.
What is Normalization? Describe process and benefits with examples of 1NF, 2NF, 3NF.
Discuss advantages and disadvantages of centralized vs distributed databases.
Explain the role and responsibilities of a Database Administrator (DBA).
Explain in detail the importance of Database Security. Describe methods like backup, access control, encryption, etc.
Compare and contrast DDL and DML. Include syntax, examples, and commands.
Describe features of a good relational database. What makes a design well-structured?
Explain how Normalization reduces redundancy and improves data integrity. Give examples of violations and fixes.

Which mode allows communication in both directions simultaneously? (Simplex / Half-duplex / Full-duplex)
What is the difference between guided and unguided media? Give one example each.
What does “MAC address” stand for and what is its function?
Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for routing packets?
Is a router associated with Data Link layer or Network layer?
In network topology, which topology is most tolerant to single cable failure?
Which network type covers a single building (LAN / WAN / MAN)?

Define "communication system". Explain its basic elements.
Describe the difference between Simplex, Half-duplex, and Full-duplex communication.
What is LAN? What is WAN? Differentiate.
Define “Transmission Medium”. Differentiate between guided and unguided transmission media.
What are transmission impairments? Explain any two: e.g. noise, distortion, etc.
Define “Network topology”. Describe star topology with its advantages and disadvantages.
What is Peer-to-peer network architecture? What is Client-server architecture? Differentiate.
Define IP address and Subnet Mask.

Explain the OSI reference model and the functions of each of its seven layers.
What is transmission media? Describe in detail the guided and unguided media, giving examples, advantages and disadvantages.
Describe the different network topologies (bus, ring, star). Compare them in terms of cost, reliability, performance.
What is data communication? Draw and explain the block diagram of a communication system. Describe its elements.
Discuss transmission impairments: what causes them, their effects on communication, and ways to reduce them.
Explain the roles of modem, switch, router, NIC etc. in a computer network.
Advantages and disadvantages of using networks. Describe kinds of networks by size (LAN, MAN, WAN) and where each is used.

Which paradigm focuses on procedures and functions rather than objects?
Which OOP feature allows one class to use behaviors of another?
What is an object?
What is a class in OOP?
Which OOP feature enables the same method name with different behaviors (e.g. method overloading or overriding)?
Name one advantage of OOP.
Which programming paradigm is more suited for large scale software: procedural or object-oriented? Why?
Give an example of an application domain of OOP (e.g. GUI, games etc.).

Define Object-Oriented Programming (OOP).
List and explain the features of OOP (Class, Object, Polymorphism, Inheritance).
What is polymorphism? Give an example.
What is inheritance? What are its benefits?
What is the difference between OOP and structured programming?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using OOP?
Define encapsulation. Why is it important?
Define abstraction. How is it different from encapsulation?
Explain one or two real-life applications of OOP.

Explain the programming paradigms: procedural, structural and object-oriented. Compare them with respect to modularity, reusability, maintainability.
Discuss the four major features of OOP (Class, Object, Inheritance, Polymorphism) in detail with examples.
What are the advantages of OOP? Also highlight its disadvantages.
Explain how inheritance and polymorphism contribute to code reusability and flexibility. Provide examples.
Describe an application of OOP in a real world scenario (for example, in GUI-based software, game development or business software). Show how classes and objects are defined, how inheritance can be used etc.